Dick Cheney stated: “I know specifically of reports… that lay out what we learnt through the interrogation process and what the consequences were for the country”, however the only examples publicly released that attempt to support this claim are: The claim that the waterboarding of Khalid Shaikh Mohammed helped prevent a planned attack on Los Angeles in 2002 – which ignores the fact that he wasn’t captured until 2003, and Ibn al-Shaykh al-Libi who had confessed that Iraq had trained al Qaeda in the use of weapons of mass destruction which was then used as justification for the subsequent invasion of Iraq – a confession now known to be false. That requires you going out to the American people and saying, ‘We’re looking at a tradeoff here folks, and I want you to understand the tradeoff. Waterboarding and other so-called Enhanced Interrogation Techniques are not part of the Field Manual, and section 3(b) has thus long been understood as a central instrument for barring CIA from using such methods (DOD already was subject to this same obligation via the McCain Amendment in the Detainee Treatment Act of 2005). Experts advising the Bush administration on new interrogation rules warn that harsh techniques used since 2001 terrorist attacks are outmoded, amateurish and unreliable. Central Intelligence Agency. Report… is a record of interviews with black site detainees, conducted between October 6 and 11 and December 4 and 14, 2006, after their transfer to Guantánamo. Executive Order 13491 also re-affirmed the U.S. Supreme Court’s holding in Hamdan v. And that’s important for people around the world to understand.” The administration adopted the Detainee Treatment Act of 2005 to address the multitude of incidents of detainee abuse. Unable to get satisfaction from the army commanders running the detainee camp, they took their concerns to David Brant, director of the Naval Criminal Investigative Service (NCIS), who alerted Navy General Counsel Alberto J. Mora. Enhanced interrogation techniques or alternative set of procedures were terms adopted by the George W. Bush administration in the United States to describe interrogation methods used by US military intelligence and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to extract information from individuals captured in the “War on Terror” after the September 11 attacks in 2001. The documents show that top U.S. Officials were intimately involved in the discussion and approval of the harsher interrogation techniques used on Abu Zubaydah. If you have reached this page from a link within CIA.gov, please contact us so we can fix the link as soon as possible. All that changed — and Zubayda reportedly had a divine revelation — after 30 to 35 seconds of waterboarding, Kiriakou said he learned from the CIA agents who performed the technique. Condoleezza Rice ultimately told the CIA the harsher interrogation tactics were acceptable, In 2009 Rice stated, “We never tortured anyone.” And Dick Cheney stated “I signed off on it; so did others.” In 2010, Cheney remained unrepentant, saying, “I was and remain a strong proponent of our enhanced interrogation program.” Pressed on his personal view of waterboarding, Karl Rove told the BBC in 2010: “I’m proud that we kept the world safer than it was, by the use of these techniques. Air Force Reserve Colonel Steve Kleinman stated that the CIA “chose two clinical psychologists who had no intelligence background whatsoever, who had never conducted an interrogation… to do something that had never been proven in the real world.” Associates of Mitchell and Jessen were skeptical of their methods and believed they did not possess any data about the impact of SERE training on the human psyche. Euphemism for program of systematic torture by U.S. government. " The British government has determined the techniques would be classified as torture, and dismissed President Bush’s claim to the contrary. Hypothermia: The prisoner is left to stand naked in a cell kept near 50 degrees Fahrenheit (10 degrees Celsius), while being regularly doused with cold water in order to increase the rate at which heat is lost from the body. Army Field Manual 2.22.3 Section 513 is the current basis for all legal interrogations carried out by the - United States. Why embracing pain, discomfort, or suffering, is a need for happiness? Specifically, it does not allow We appreciate your help. In addition, a new US definition of torture was issued. On February 13, 2008 the US Senate, in a 51 to 45 vote, approved a bill limiting the number of techniques allowed to only “those interrogation techniques explicitly authorized by the 2006 Army Field Manual.” The Washington Post stated: The measure would effectively ban the use of simulated drowning, temperature extremes and other harsh tactics that the CIA used on al-Qaeda prisoners after the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks. In addition, many other elements of the ill-treatment, either singly or in combination, constituted cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment.”, Investigation of enhanced interrogation techniques and calls for prosecution, Request for Special Counsel Probe of Harsh Interrogation Tactics. Military interrogators with knowledge of the sources of the information deny that “enhanced interrogation” eventually led to finding and killing Osama Bin Laden A group of interrogators contradicting former Bush administration Defense Secretary Rumsfeld’s claim that “enhanced interrogation” produced the leads that ultimately led to Osama Bin Laden, asserted that the key piece of information, a courier’s nickname, was not divulged “during torture, but rather several months later, when [detainees] were questioned by interrogators who did not use abusive techniques.”. On February 4, 2009 the High Court of England and Wales ruled that evidence of possible torture in the case of Binyam Mohamed, an Ethiopian-born British resident who is held in Guantanamo Bay, could not be disclosed: as a result of a statement by David Miliband, the foreign secretary, that if the evidence was disclosed the US would stop sharing intelligence with Britain. American interrogators called the brutal practices "enhanced interrogation techniques" and they were used at secret "black site" prisons — and at … A third memo instructs interrogators to keep records of sessions in which “enhanced interrogation techniques” are used. However, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed was not the first one providing this information: U.S. officials said that already shortly after the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, detainees in CIA secret prisons told interrogators about the courier’s pseudonym “al-Kuwaiti”. ABC News reported on April 9, 2008 that “the most senior Bush administration officials discussed and approved specific details of how high-value al Qaeda suspects would be interrogated by the Central Intelligence Agency.” The article states that those involved included: Vice President Cheney, former National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice, Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld and Secretary of State Colin Powell, as well as CIA Director George Tenet and Attorney General John Ashcroft. According to the Washington Post the request was denied because Attorney General Michael B. Mukasey felt that: officials acted in “good faith” when they sought legal opinions, and that the lawyers who provided them used their best judgment. Nonetheless, Mora has maintained that detainee treatment has been consistent with the law since the January 15, 2003 suspension of previously approved interrogation tactics. A bill on interrogation techniques was passed on February 13, 2008 in the US Senate, in a 51 to 45 vote, limiting the number of techniques allowed to only “those interrogation techniques explicitly authorized by the 2006 Army Field Manual.” Following the release of the CIA documents and now released from non disclosure agreements he had signed Philip Zelikow, a former State Department lawyer and adviser to then-Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, stated that he had argued it was unlikely that “any federal court would agree (that the approval of harsh interrogation techniques) … was a reasonable interpretation of the Constitution.” He was told to destroy copies of his own memo and claimed that the Bush Administration had ordered that other dissenting legal advice be collected and destroyed. (A water temperature of 10 °C (50 °F) often leads to death in one hour.). That’s mine. Many other techniques developed by the CIA constitute inhuman and degrading treatment and torture under the United Nations Convention against Torture and Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights. After the killing of Osama bin Laden, a Washington Post report, quoting U.S. officials including former attorney general Michael Mukasey, asserted that the interrogation of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed and Abu Faraj al-Libbi provided a courier’s pseudonym “al-Kuwaiti” which ultimately allowed them to locate Bin Laden. “Because the danger remains, we need to ensure our intelligence officials have all the tools they need to stop the terrorists,” Bush said in his weekly radio address . The psychologists relied heavily on experiments done by American psychologist Martin Seligman in the 1970s on learned helplessness. “The bill Congress sent me would take away one of the most valuable tools in the war on terror – the CIA program to detain and question key terrorist leaders and operatives.” Bush said that the methods used by the military are designed for interrogating “lawful combatants captured on the battlefield”, not the “hardened terrorists” normally questioned by the CIA. Following the September 11 attacks in 2001, several memoranda analyzing the legality of various interrogation methods were written by John Yoo from Office of Legal Counsel. It prohibited officials from subjecting any detainee under effective U.S. control to any interrogation technique not listed in the current Army Field Manual on interrogation, Army Field Manual 2-22.3. Slapping: An open-handed slap is delivered to the prisoner’s face, aimed at causing pain and triggering fear. A March 22, 2005, sworn statement by the former chief of the Interrogation Control Element at Guantánamo said instructors from SERE also taught their methods to interrogators of the prisoners in Cuba. Jordan Paust concurred by responding to Mukasey’s refusal to investigate and/or prosecute anyone that relied on these legal opinions: it is legally and morally impossible for any member of the executive branch to be acting lawfully or within the scope of his or her authority while following OLC opinions that are manifestly inconsistent with or violative of the law. The road to torture: How the CIA's "enhanced interrogation techniques” became legal after 9/11 The CIA’s torture techniques—10 in total—increased in severity as one went down the list The working group based its new guidelines on a legal memo from the United States Department of Justice Office of Legal Counsel written by John Yoo and signed by Jay S. Bybee, which would later become widely known as the “Torture Memo.” General Counsel Mora led a faction of the Working Group in arguing against these standards, and argued the issues with Yoo in person. Please use the links below or the search form to find the information you seek. Shortly before the end of Bush’s second term newsmedia in other countries were opining that under the United Nations Convention Against Torture the US is obligated to hold those responsible to account under criminal law. What we do know is that government officials decided not to inform a lawfully constituted body, created by Congress and the president, to investigate one the greatest tragedies to confront this country. That would directly threaten the UK’s national security, Miliband had told the court. The front half of that sentence, you can say; that’s yours, you own that, ‘I don’t want you doing it.’ The back half of that sentence is not yours. Comment from Donald Rumsfeld: “I stand for 8-10 hours a day. In an article on the euphemisms invented by the media that also criticized NPR, Glenn Greenwald discussed the enabling “corruption of American journalism”: This active media complicity in concealing that our Government created a systematic torture regime, by refusing ever to say so, is one of the principal reasons it was allowed to happen for so long. Why is standing [by prisoners] limited to four hours?”, According to the February 16, 2008 edition of The Economist, Rumsfeld also wrote in a 2002 memo; “I stand for 8-10 hours a day. The CIA interrogation strategies were based on work done by James Elmer Mitchell and Bruce Jessen in the Air Force’s Survival Evasion Resistance Escape (SERE) program. The terror suspect, who is being held at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, reportedly gave up information that indirectly led to the the 2003 raid in Pakistan yielding the arrest of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, an alleged planner of the September 11, 2001, attacks, Kiriakou said. '”The methods consisted of making prisoners stand for long periods, sleep deprivation … playing music at full volume, having to sit in uncomfortably … Rumsfeld authorised these specific techniques.” She said that this was contrary to the Geneva Conventions and quoted the Geneva Convention as saying, “Prisoners of war who refuse to answer may not be threatened, insulted, or exposed to any unpleasant or disadvantageous treatment of any kind.” According to Karpinski, the handwritten signature was above his printed name and in the same handwriting in the margin was written, “Make sure this is accomplished.”, On May 1, 2005, The New York Times reported on an ongoing high-level military investigation into accusations of detainee abuse at Guantánamo, conducted by Lieutenant General Randall M. Schmidt of the Air Force, and dealing with: “accounts by agents for the Federal Bureau of Investigation who complained after witnessing detainees subjected to several forms of harsh treatment. On July 12, 2005, members of a military panel told the committee that they proposed disciplining prison commander Major General Geoffrey Miller over the interrogation of Mohammed al Qahtani, who was forced to wear a bra, dance with another man, and threatened with dogs. While Jane Mayer reported for The New Yorker: According to the sere affiliate and two other sources familiar with the program, after September 11th several psychologists versed in SERE techniques began advising interrogators at Guantánamo Bay and elsewhere. The 18-page memo is heavily redacted, with 10 of its 18 pages completely blacked out and only a few paragraphs legible on the others. so we can fix the link as soon as possible. We call that obstruction. Also Fox News reports that the enhanced interrogation techniques provided key details on Bin Laden’s location, referring to Dick Cheney saying that he “assumes” that enhanced interrogation techniques led to bin Laden’s capture. What it prevents: The Army Field Manual specifically prohibits most of the so-called “Enhanced Interrogation Techniques” that the CIA used in its post-9/11 interrogation program, as well as any other techniques that do not comply with domestic or international law. Senior law enforcement agents with the Criminal Investigation Task Force told MSNBC.com in 2006 that they began to complain inside the U.S. Department of Defense in 2002 that the interrogation tactics used in Guantanamo Bay by a separate team of military intelligence investigators were unproductive, not likely to produce reliable information, and probably illegal. However, neither of the two psychologists had any experience in conducting interrogations. A Congressional bipartisan report in December 2008 established that: harsh interrogation techniques used by the CIA and the U.S. military were directly adapted from the training techniques used to prepare special forces personnel to resist interrogation by enemies that torture and abuse prisoners. Danner quotes the ICRC report as saying that, “in many cases, the ill-treatment to which they were subjected while held in the CIA program, either singly or in combination, constituted torture. The graphic scenes of torture depicted in the film “Zero Dark Thirty” have revived a debate over the use of enhanced interrogation and the role it may have played in finding Osama bin Laden. The report, “Experiments in Torture: Human Subject Research and Evidence of Experimentation in the ‘Enhanced’ Interrogation Program”, published by the advocacy group Physicians for Human Rights, described personnel in the CIA’s Office of Medical Services (OMS) performing research on the prisoners as the above techniques were used both serially and in combination. Responding to the ruling, David Davis, the Conservative MP and former shadow home secretary, commented: The ruling implies that torture has taken place in the [Binyam] Mohamed case, that British agencies may have been complicit, and further, that the United States government has threatened our high court that if it releases this information the US government will withdraw its intelligence cooperation with the United Kingdom. The CIA came to learn that Mitchell and Jessen’s expertise in waterboarding was probably “misrepresented” and thus, there was no reason to believe it was medically safe or effective. However, in his signing statement, Bush made clear that he reserved the right to waive this bill if he thought that was needed. In the letter CIA Director Panetta wrote Senator McCain that. Jane Mayer, author of the Dark Side, quotes Zelikow as predicting that “America’s descent into torture will in time be viewed like the Japanese internments,” in that “(f)ear and anxiety were exploited by zealots and fools.”. After Abu Faraj al-Libbi was captured, he provided bogus information, denying that he knew al-Kuwaiti and making up another name instead. The Court reaffirmed that those involved in mistreatment of detainees violate US and international law. Another memo released on the same day advises that “the waterboard,” does “not violate the Torture Statute.” It also cites a number of warnings against torture, including statements by President Bush and a then-new Supreme Court ruling “which raises possible concerns about future US judicial review of the [interrogation] Program.”. For under unendurable pain a man confesses anything that is required of him, true or false, and his evidence is worthless.”. 180 hours: Sleep deprivation was a frequent form of enhanced interrogation, and involved keeping detainees awake for up to 180 hours, or for more than a week.Techniques … Law professor Dietmar Herz explained Novak’s comments by saying that under U.S. and international law former President Bush is criminally responsible for adopting torture as interrogation tool. However, President Obama, Attorney General Holder, and Guantanamo military prosecutor Crawford called some of the techniques torture. Enhanced interrogation techniques or alternative set of procedures were terms adopted by the George W. Bush administration in the United States to describe interrogation methods used by US military intelligence and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to extract information from individuals captured in the “War on Terror” after the September 11 attacks in 2001. 16 The 2015 McCainFeinstein Amendment expanded this - prevention to cover the entire U.S. government, particularly meant to prevent future CIA-led enhanced interrogation programs. Some view these techniques as morally unjustifiable and to others it seems to be a small price to pay for finding the source to stop the War to Terror. The statute defines torture The less redacted version of the August 1, 2002 memo signed by Assistant Attorney General Jay Bybee (regarding Abu Zubaydah) and four memos from 2005 signed by Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General Steven Bradbury addressed to CIA and analysing the legality of various specific interrogation methods, including waterboarding, were released by Barack Obama administration on April 16, 2009. He warned that criminalizing the process could cause policymakers to second-guess themselves and “harm our national security well into the future.”. The UN report also admonishes against secret prisons, the use of which, is considered to amount to torture as well and should be discontinued. The UN report called for cessation of the US-termed “enhanced interrogation” techniques, as the UN sees these methods as a form of torture. 17. The recommendation was overruled by General Bantz J. Craddock, commander of US Southern Command, who referred the matter to the army’s inspector general. The congressmen involved in calling for such an investigation included John Conyers, Jan Schakowsky, and Jerrold Nadler. Truth? But I felt duty-bound to be true to the facts. You think of torture, you think of some horrendous physical act done to an individual. Although the Army Field Manual contains a number of express and implied protections to ensure that these techniques are not abused, for the reasons that follow, the Committee is right to raise concerns about the continued authorization of Physical Separation and Field Expedient Separation even while other Enhanced Interrogation Techniques have been expressly prohibited by, inter alia, the … Top US Government officials including Dick Cheney, Colin Powell, George Tenet, Condoleezza Rice, Donald Rumsfeld, and John Ashcroft discussed at length whether or not the CIA could legally use harsh techniques against Abu Zubaydah.Condoleezza Rice specifically mentioned the SERE … Senator John McCain, citing CIA Director Leon Panetta, said that the assertion that waterboarding produced information that found Osama Bin Laden is false; all the useful leads were “obtained through standard, noncoercive means.” The CIA later provided the Washington Post a letter from CIA Director Penetta to Senator McCain that confirms that enhanced interrogation techniques did not help and may have hindered the search for Bin Laden by producing false information during interrogations. Doctors consulted over the matter advised against using a punch, which could cause lasting internal damage. Why is standing (by prisoners) limited to four hours?” There have been no comments from either the Pentagon or US army spokespeople in Iraq on Karpinski’s accusations. Official position of the Bush Administration. In 1963, the Central Intelligence Agency compiled the historical understanding of such non-invasive interrogation techniques into a how-to guide titled KUBARK Counterintelligence Interrogation, informally known as the KUBARK manual. Browse the Collections | Advanced Search | Search Help. March 2009: ICRC report publicly reported: On March 15, 2009, Mark Danner provided a report in the New York Review of Books (with an abridged version in the New York Times) describing and commenting on the contents of a report by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), Report on the Treatment of Fourteen “High Value Detainees” in CIA Custody (43 pp., February 2007). You may have used an outdated link or typed the address (URL) incorrectly. Various revisions of the extended techniques were issued. In fact, the United States had prosecuted Japanese military officials after World War II and American soldiers after the Vietnam War for waterboarding and as recently as 1983. The New York Times terms the techniques “harsh” and “brutal” while avoiding the word “torture” in most but not all news articles, though it routinely calls “enhanced interrogation” torture in editorials. The Washington Post described the report by the Intelligence Science Board: There is almost no scientific evidence to back up the U.S. intelligence community’s use of controversial interrogation techniques in the fight against terrorism, and experts believe some painful and coercive approaches could hinder the ability to get good information, according to a new report from an intelligence advisory group. 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