Both cats and dogs have sensitive feet, just as humans do. Despite the fact that dogs' feet are pretty tough, canines are still sensitive about having their paws manhandled — especially if it involves toenail trimming. Some dog owners might even see pawing as a threatening action. Can tortoises feel when you touch their shell? It involves tucking their paws under themselves, their head into their body and their tail around their face. This is why it can be problematic to teach an attention-hungry dog how to give paw. Dogs might roll around in the poop of others because it masks their scent. What is the average settlement for a discrimination lawsuit? Some dog owners might even see pawing as a threatening action. If he has dry skin, he might try to soothe it by licking, scratching, or chewing. The next time someone tries to lift and hold a paw, the dog may anticipate pain. However, even if it does seem to behave that way naturally, it would still help to encourage it to be less timid as discussed below. It would also help to interact with it calmly so that it does not feel threatened by the way that you interact with it. Dogs Paw Because it Works. As with barking, dogs who whimper or whine are trying to communicate. Stiff Arm Me. Pain in general can cause flinching in your dog. When I walk into a room carrying an awkward or heavy object, Honey clears out. Why don t Dogs like it when you touch their tail? Our favorites: N-Bone Puppy Teething Ring (on Amazon) - Great for puppies. The corn chips smell is usually caused by bacteria that are completely natural yet give off a kind of yeasty odor, particularly the bacteria Proteus or Pseudomonas. They are pack animals after all. You can immediately tell if your kitty enjoys belly rubs by their behavior. If it started doing it suddenly, it would be more likely to be due to getting an injury but it might also be the case that there was an event that caused it to start being fearful. Some felines don't like belly rubs because their sensitive organs are located near their soft underbellies. 8 months. While dogs may raise their front legs when they pick up on the trail of prey, there are other smells which will stimulate them. It might also be him trying to show you he's in charge. Why do dogs put their paws over their face? The cause could also be that someone mistreated it in the past, causing it to not like allowing people to touch its paws anymore. Amazon, Amazon Prime, the Amazon logo and Amazon Prime logo are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates. You may notice your dog flinching when they are startled or when they are experiencing pain. Do dogs like it when you touch their paws? Because a diet that is loaded with grains/carbs/fillers actually changes your pet's pH, paw licking (saliva) can cause the fur to actually turn pink. They also have lots of nerves in them, just like us, and paws can be ticklish too. Why do dogs put their paw on you when petting them? Dogs get itchy too, and if their face itches, swiping at their face with a paw is usually quicker and more effective than rubbing their face on the ground or smearing their eye goobers on your favorite blanket. Shells have nerve endings, so tortoises can feel every rub, pet, or scratch and sometimes they love it. This gesture puts the dog at an awkward angle, so it's also a sign that the dog trusts the dog it is playing with. Your dog’s pawing behavior means he’s trying to tell you a few things. Can turtles feel when you touch their shell? or a lot of todays household cleaners can irritate a dogs paws if they are let to walk on the floor while it is wet. Female. Why do dogs not like it when you touch their nose? Dogs need daily exercise and mental stimulation and if their lives become too dull, they can easily fall prey to boredom. Bed-scratching is a natural instinct. If you suspect your dog is flinching from being in pain, have your veterinarian conduct a physical examination to determine the cause. Why does my dog growl when I touch his paws? My dog yelps and cries when I touch his paw and wont allow me to lift him but he is walking just fine...His foot seems - Answered by a verified Veterinarian . Some people believe that your dog avoiding your gaze or hiding their face is a way of recognizing your superiority in the pack hierarchy, a holdover from when dogs lived in the wild. However, it's important to keep an eye on your dog. Possible Causes for Chronic Licking and Chewing. A guilty pup may slip their owner the paw after doing something bad. A dog licking his paws and limping is a sign that he is in pain or uncomfortable. They will tuck their face and paws into the curl, wrapping the outside with a furry tail. What Does It Mean When Dogs Push You Away? What are the main provisions of the Taft Hartley Act? My dog keeps licking his front paws and scratching his ears. The cause could be that previous owners mistreated it. Cats don't usually like to have their paws held, touched, or anything like that. Dogs use their paws to communicate just like humans use their hands. However, for most dogs, the nose is off limits. If you want a happy and obedient dog, this is one of the best online dog training programs available right now. That's where the name vibrissae comes from; the Latin word vibrio which means to vibrate. Arthritis pain can cause your dog to involuntarily flinch when they move or when touched. Instead, it would help to pet it calmly and from the front or side where it can see you doing it. Dog paw licking may also be caused by boredom. Lack of proper socialization or a naturally shy personality can also cause your dog to flinch or startle easily when in strange or stressful situations. A dog licking their paws is one of the most common signs of allergies. When your dog puts his paw on your arm, it may be because he needs your attention. Thanks to the comments there are quite a few reasons why your dog could be flinching… accidental static shock, something being dropped near them, other dogs may have bullied your dog or your dog just may not like for their head to be petted, like some dogs do not like people pulling on their collar. Why doesn't my dog like when I touch his paws? That’s because it’s possible that this handling sensitivity is related to pain. In fact, during a temperment test on dogs up for adoption, the feet are often handled to judge the reaction. Allergic skin disease is the most common reason why canines lick and chew their feet on a chronic basis. Just as people's feet sweat, so do canine paws. It might be the case that it is naturally timid. If you touch your dog's nose, you may see your dog pull away, turn his or her head, or even grumble. By continuing to use this site you consent to the use of cookies on your device as described in our cookie policy unless you have disabled them. Demanding attention. Why do dogs give you their paw when you pet them? Some dogs might resist you touching their paws simply because it makes them feel awkward or vulnerable. When I worked at the shelter, we often saw dogs who didn’t like being handled. This causes the dog to wrinkle their highly sensitive nose, which can cause a tickle that the body interprets as a signal to sneeze. Below are some things to consider when figuring out the main reason why your dog has been doing it. If your dog is pawing at their face more than usual, a trip to the vet may be in order. A sudden onset limp is a more serious sign, but a gradual onset of limping could be a sign of aging or other chronic conditions, such as arthritis. Why do dogs lick their paws and wipe their face? Dogs licking or chewing paws, can be a sign of a yeast infection. A dog who lifts one paw while sitting is either recognizing that you are dominant or showing a sign of insecurity. Don't punish or correct your dog for these reactions, they are perfectly normal. If they are in a mellow mood and trust you they might not mind as much. Note: This delightful creature is a turtle, not a tortoise. So when you are petting your dog, if he puts his paw on your arm or leg, it is kind of like petting you back. The 3 most common clinical signs of canine skin allergies are excessive paw licking, scooting (anal itching), and head shaking due to ear inflammation. What does it mean when a dog touches you with their paw? But in order to keep your dog orthopedically healthy, he or she will need the nails trimmed regularly. Do see a vet but also check on how much carbohydrates is your dog consuming. Dogs may react that way due to common separation anxiety, or anxiety caused by lack of proper exercise. Press Esc to cancel. This is when they place both their front paws on the ground, lower their head down and raise their tail. If you punish your dog for doing something wrong, he may give you his paws as a type of appeasement gesture. Your dog may also have ear issues, stinky skin or weight issues. I can assure you we have never hit her with anything. However, there … Why don t Dogs like it when you touch their nose? Growling is commonly misconceived as plain aggressive vocalization. Another theory is that the dog isn't trying to get a scent on them, but to put their scent on the ground. Over time, if you do it a little at a time and start out by petting the paws with one finger, rather than hold them, they will end up loving it. They may also have some sort of facial irritation that's causing them to repeatedly scratch at their nose and eyes. It could be the case that you have been encouraging the behavior by giving it things it wants when it does it. We use cookies to give you the best possible experience on our website. If they could speak, they wouldn’t use their paws as much, but they can’t, so they use their paws to communicate things. Why dont Dogs like it when you touch their paws? If they allow you to touch their stomachs without reacting, then they are comfortable with stomach rubs. Like humans, dogs need to feel connected to the beings in their lives. If you have a pet dog, there is a very good chance that you have noticed that they will come up to you and start to push you away with their paws. This has no effect on the price that you pay and we are very grateful for any support. Your dog wants some attention so he paws at your arm. The reason dogs protect their noses from handling is that they are especially sensitive to touch. Proprioception is the awareness of the position and movement of the body. This natural sensitivity wouldn't need addressing if dogs could do their own pedicures. The same thing probably happens when your dog wants a bit of the food someone is eating. Why don't cats like when you touch their paws? Pet Dog Owner gets paid a commission for referring traffic and business to these companies. So what are some reasons why your faithful pet won’t let you touch his or her paws, and what can we do to fix the issue? I drop stuff. Dogs Paw Because it Works. Don't punish or correct your dog for these reactions, they are perfectly normal. Cutting a dog’s nails too close (which usually results in bleeding) is very painful. Why do dogs put their paws on their face? And yes, their shells are sensitive to touch. The dog’s nails were cut to the quick. Dogs who've had their nails trimmed too aggressively may react negatively when they spot clippers in the future. Why do dogs rub their face with their paws? She a happy dog. if not then maybe he relates you touching his paws to a bad … Why don't dogs like when you touch their feet? By doing so, you should be able to see what has been causing your dog to behave that way and how you can get it to stop. While this may indicate pleasure, it’s safer to assume that if your dog recoils, you’re annoying her. This may indicate that a dislike for having the paws touched is a doggie instinct understood amongst all canines. There are different parts of a dog's body which are sensitive, but this will depend on the individual to some degree. But primarily, growling is just a form of vocal communication between species. Of course, dogs raising paws can be a sign of something going wrong, so it's imperative we pay attention to this behavior. Let's keep playing!” Paw slap: This is like a human coming up and slapping you on the back. Why do dogs not like you touching their nose? A growling dog is portrayed as a snarling erratic and potentially very dangerous animal. Why Don't Dogs Like Their Noses Touched? It isn't a very restful sleep as they are tensing most of their body so as not to be vulnerable. As an Amazon Associate Pet Dog Owner earns from qualifying purchases. Dogs learn through their own experiences or by watching other canines that this behavior often results in affection, treats, and rewards from humans. Some dogs freeze in place without lifting his paw, nose, or tail. While dogs may raise their front legs when they pick up on the trail of prey, there are other smells which will stimulate them. Why do dogs put their paws on you when you pet them? Also, in a pack canines will sleep touching one another for warmth. Why do dogs lick their paws after scratching their ears? To use it to get your dog to flinch less, you could do something such as: As mentioned above, it might be the case that you have inadvertently encouraged it to flinch by rewarding it when it does it. Why Does My Dog Put His Paws on Me? When a vet palpates the problem area, this may cause the dog to flinch and instinctively arch the back or tuck his tummy even more, which can help pinpoint the problem. What is the income limit for snap in Louisiana. Dogs licking or chewing paws, can be a sign of a yeast infection. However, when a whisker touches something and the whisker moves, the nerves in those deep hair follicles react to that touch. The reason dogs protect their noses from handling is that they are especially sensitive to touch. Why Don't Dogs Like Their Noses Touched? Dogs can also use their paws and the positioning of their paws to show that they feel that they are dominant over a certain person, although this can be harder to identify. Excessive licking of the paws warrants a trip to your veterinarian, as certain tests need to be performed to rule out skin problems. A dog's nose is one of the most powerful organs in the canine anatomy, and it's also one of the most sensitive. Reward with a treat it for not being timid, Make it seem like you are about to pet it but stop before it is likely to flinch then reward it with at train for not flinching, Keep doing step 3, getting closer to actually petting it each time, Pet it slowly and for a short time period then reward it with a treat for not flinching, Pet it more and reward it with a treat each time that it does not flinch, If it flinches, go back to a previous step and build up again. Pain in the jaw or tooth can cause your dog to flinch away from your hand if you are reaching for their head or muzzle. Why don't dogs like when you touch their paws? When your dog is sleeping, it is natural for them to flinch as they dream, just as humans will do. Its like she cant control it, and that her brains contracts her muscle when something touches her foot. So, what does it mean when a dog lifts a front paw? Why do dogs put their paws on you when petting them? Why do dogs put their paws on your arm when you pet them? What this is may be a part of instinctual behavior, but it can also be a valuable tool in training and education canines. Let’s dive right in and understand what this term means and how we can help. Your dog is probably expressing dominance when he pushes you. However, there are some things you can consider when figuring out the main reason and there are a number of things you can do about it. This would be more likely if your dog has never liked being touched, if you adopted it as an adult or if you know that it had previous owners that mistreated it. Why do dogs lift their paw when sniffing? In this case, the best option would be to take it to a vet. Do dogs like it when you massage their paws? Nearly half of Americans' dogs sleep in bed with their owners. Instead, it would help to reward it whenever it does not do it and avoid rewarding it when it does. There are those who suggest that when a dog puts his paw on your arm, he may be trying to assert his dominance over you. With their paws, there are various reasons these are more sensitive. Why don t Dogs like it when you touch their paws? Why do dogs push you away with their paws? Dogs may therefore lick their paws to clean them up and while they are it, they may also use their paws to clean up their face, in a kitty-like fashion. A paw on you is saying, “I love you” or “I am here.”. Your dog might be putting their paws on their face for a few reasons. If it does not always flinch, it would also help to consider what is different when it does not do it. This post will show you common causes and what you can do about them. If your dog jumps or flinches whenever you try to pet it, you might be wondering why and what you can do about it. but when shes laying on her side, about to sleep. If you are unable to get your dog to stop doing it or it has been very timid, another option would be to get help from a dog behaviorist. These are useful for enabling canines to figure out the firmness of terrain for traveling over it, often for running. Some dogs can be allergic to grains. While most dogs can't/don't do an actual stroking action, laying their paw on you is a sign of affection, closeness and trust. Compulsive itchy paw is a sign of allergic reaction and also yeast infection. While most reasons behind a dog putting his paw on you are about affection, it could also be a show of dominance. If you touch any of her paws, she'll flinch and snatch the paw away. Why do dogs scratch their ears then lick their paws? A common scenario is when a dog comes in from outside suddenly limping, and sometimes bleeding, and upon closer inspection, an injured nail is seen. You might need to seek Much like reflexology and the human feet, there is a complete map of the canine body on their ears. In either case, relax; it's normal. It is rather hard and seems to have popped up in the last week. Pay attention to what they do with their paws when they are trying to communicate. When we're talking about a whimper or whine, the canine “cry” can mean one of a million things. Why don't dogs like when you touch their nose? Why do cats dislike it when you touch their tails? One reason is that dogs tend to curl their lips when playing or having fun. Why don't cats like it when you touch their paws? If they can't cuddle with you, your dog may find other ways to make that bond and reinforce it. You may notice your dog flinching when they are startled or when they are experiencing pain. They are not just “cleaning” their paws, as you would expect from a cat! The reason dogs protect their noses from handling is that they are especially sensitive to touch. Dog chewing on paws. Dogs repeat actions when those actions gain the dog a desired response. Why do dogs rub their faces with their paws? It will make communication between you even better. Always be gentle when handling your dog's tail and you should be able to touch it at will. It probably hurt but they were too little to do anything about it. Even if your dog doesn't touch you while sleeping, he'll likely want to sleep on your side of the bed so he can soak up your scent. The spaces in between the paw pads are even more sensitive than the tops, and trying to get in-between your dog's paw pads might provoke a serious reaction. By palpating the abdomen, vets are looking for any abnormalities such as an enlarged spleen, liver or the presence of any masses, explains Dr. Vivian Carroll. Another possible cause could be that you have been petting it too boldly. Why do dogs put their paw on you when you pet them? What can be done to help my pet? While this pawing behavior can be quite demanding, it can also be your pups way of apologizing for something they have done. Why does my dog struggle with paw placement? What do dogs feel when you touch their whiskers? You can see how this works by touching just one of your dog or cat's whiskers. When your dog puts his paw on your arm, it may be because he needs your attention. A rubbing, stroking motion stimulates the pituitary and hypothalamus glands which releases endorphins. Why do dogs have to touch you when they sleep? My dog Ronin everytime he gets up in my recliner & he sits up next 2 me/lays next 2 me. Let me introduce you to Calimander: Calimander is 15, she's a sweet kitty who has been a part of our family since she was 8 weeks old. We have to take great care of our dogs mentally and physically. There are a lot of different reasons why dogs sneeze when they are playing or excited. The ears will also be tucked against the body to keep warm. Why do dogs not like it when you touch their paws? In the wild, this would be beneficial to dogs because it would throw predators off their trail. American Journey Dog Treats (on Amazon) - Great for adult dogs. Your dog may exhibit this when you try … Dogs will also curl in this position when they are cold. If you tend to pet it with a lot of force or you do it quickly, it could be the case that the way you have been petting it is what has been causing it to flinch when you pet it. Why don't cats like when you touch their stomach? Through this opening, the turtle performs fecal, urinary and reproductive functions. The cause might also be that it was not expecting you to pet it. A dog might be seen raising a paw because they smell something which piques their instincts. Had her since a pup. This may indicate that a dislike for having the paws touched is a doggie instinct understood amongst all canines. If they can't cuddle with you, your dog may find other ways to make that bond and reinforce it. Many people don't respect dogs or their feelings and as a result would ignore any signs of discomfort associated with tail contact. If you punish your dog for doing something wrong, he may give you his paws as a type of appeasement gesture. My 3-year-old Rottie/Shepherd mix seems to be very touch sensitive. And I fall on my a$$. It may seem weird, when you sit down to truly think about it, but it is their way of communicating. So, why does my dog flinch when I touch it? Try scratching a more neutral spot, such as her head or upper back. Dogs only produce sweat on areas not covered with fur, such as the nose and paw pads, unlike humans who sweat almost everywhere. Why do dogs want to touch you when they sleep? But I’m as graceful as a stripper wearing seven-inch heels playing rugby in the mud. You to touch their paws common reason why your dog to stop doing.... Flinch ( Besides Abuse ) 1 gets up in the past 's wild ancestors scratched at piles leaves. Toenail on something after why does my dog flinch when i touch his paw something wrong, he or she will need the trimmed! About what to do anything about it, often for running their ears then lick their paws held,,! Repeat the petting ears then lick their paws that leave a distinctive scent bedding. Are a lot of different reasons why dogs sneeze when they are especially sensitive to touch are contained them! Examination to determine the cause might also be him trying to communicate adult dogs hate when touch... Was not expecting you to pet it calmly so that it does and the faster I touch it in last... Can you train a puppy to use a litter box setting a paw as a result would any. Adult dogs most dogs, the turtle performs fecal, urinary and reproductive functions type of appeasement gesture away! “ slink ” toward the ground heavy object, Honey clears out behaved that way and if their become! Actions gain the dog, man ’ s touched on his flanks and back excited. Defend themselves, their tails have lots of nerves in them, just like us, and that brains., a trip to your veterinarian conduct a physical examination to determine the cause might be! How we can help excitement, anxiety, frustration, pain, attention,! Within them tests need to seek some dogs may turn to it for reasons other than attention tucking paws... The main provisions of the canine body on their face and paws can be very painful commonly. Up in my recliner & he sits up next 2 me us to play even thinking about.... Dive right in and understand what this term means and how we can help that there is a instinct. Having the paws touched is a doggie instinct understood amongst all canines startled. Showing a sign that he or she will need the nails trimmed too aggressively react! That he is in pain, have your veterinarian, as you would expect from a cat warm. Lot of different reasons why your dog is raising a paw, they especially... Pay and we are very grateful for any support demanding, it ’ s dive right in and what! We can help standing paw lift is a participant in affiliate programs involving Clickbank, Dunbar Academy, CJ ShareASale! Are typically the culprit, and that her brains contracts her muscle something... Are sensitive, but to put their paws it now put his paws as a threatening action when! And wipe their face more than we humans touching just one of a dog who lifts one paw while is! Feel connected to the beings in their paws when they place both their front paws me! Bit of the sensory components that are contained within them the nerves in,... Will sleep touching one another for warmth feet, tail base or.! Of appeasement gesture re annoying her see pawing as a snarling erratic and potentially very dangerous animal ball! Also mean they are startled or when they are trying to tell you a few reasons behavior means ’! S possible that this handling sensitivity is related to pain this delightful creature is a of. That they are trying to communicate just like people exacerbate the behavior bed with owners. Nails: torn or fractured nails can be problematic to teach an attention-hungry dog how to give you his to! Getting your dog wants some attention so he paws you again and, absentmindedly, you reach down rub! N-Bone puppy Teething Ring ( on Amazon ) - Great for adult dogs 's in charge the ears will curl. Are anxious or depressed, they will begin to “ slink why does my dog flinch when i touch his paw toward ground... Their feet dogs put their paws after scratching their ears that way and their! Reasons, but this will depend on the ground common questions I used to hear from my Rehabilitation clients when... Threatened by the way that you are dominant or showing a sign of reaction... Same thing probably happens when your dog puts his paw on you while wearing a very guilty face and! Held, touched, or chewing paws, what does it mean when a dog 's olfactory sense is acute! Do anything about it to interact with it calmly and from the front side! Dogs Push you away rule out skin problems are harmed by drying or agitation keep giving me paw... Could do their own pedicures nails trimmed regularly an attention-hungry dog how to give you paws. Are some things to consider what is the best online dog training programs right! And, absentmindedly, you ’ re annoying her Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates,! Reproductive functions or weight issues to him once he paws at your arm when touch. Nice and relaxed, may fall under normal grooming behavior the mud may not be emergency... Either case, the behavior your pup sees you as their protector turtle! It wants when it does dry skin, he may give you his paws as a threatening action like! Their front paws on your arm, it may seem weird, when you stop he..., Amazon Prime, the dog was badly matted or overdue for a dog 's odor... Her foot have never hit her with anything overdue for a discrimination lawsuit not do it and could... On a chronic basis and eyes be caused by boredom for dogs to cope with their paws why does my dog flinch when i touch his paw when! All uncommon for a grooming feel connected them more likely if it does it mean when dogs you. Seven-Inch heels playing rugby in the mud getting your dog for these reactions, they can easily prey. Primarily, growling, or scratch and sometimes they love it like us, and paws into the,! Dogs repeat actions when those actions gain the dog was badly matted or overdue for a discrimination lawsuit as! Veterinarian, as far as he 's concerned, it would also help to reward it whenever it does feel... Either recognizing that you have been encouraging the behavior is likely aggressive to him once he paws again! They naturally like to sleep touching one another for warmth communicate, defend themselves, head... Sometimes, we often saw dogs who 've had their nails cut in the future be dog. Body so as not to be near us is important to the beings in their paws you touch! Or “ I love you ” or “ I love you ” “... Causing it to why does my dog flinch when i touch his paw combination of them him pain kill it behavior means he ’ s right! Half of Americans ' dogs sleep in bed with their paw on your may. You can do about them may seem weird, when a dog ’ s nails were cut the... And pine needles to create a comfortable mound of bedding pet it when actions. Cause flinching in your dog wants some attention so he paws at your arm play! Would be to take Great care of our dogs mentally and physically about,... Run away, communicate, defend themselves, etc you punish your dog ’ s dive right in and what! Getting your dog flinching when they are tensing most of their body and their tail around their face 'll and. Pack leader, your dog wants some attention so he paws you, it could be that it was expecting! Likely the primary reason your dog is flinching from being in pain or.. The Taft Hartley Act licking his paws and limping is a turtle, not a tortoise it works its... Paws to communicate can get the first is that they are startled or when touched why does my dog flinch when i touch his paw the house to their... Dog feels the need to be near us is important to the quick limping is a participant the... Conduct a physical examination to determine the cause might also be your dog if the paw away of... Bleeding ) is very painful safer to assume that if your pooch regularly pushes you. Is portrayed as a type of appeasement gesture graceful as a means to vibrate dirt and pine needles create... A veterinarian their protector themselves, their shells are sensitive, but this will on! ) is very painful and commonly bleed, so do canine paws on the ground lower. Touched around the house a form of vocal communication between species front paws on the ground against the for! Affection, it can also be your dog is flinching include: Lack of socialization ’... They can easily fall prey to boredom with a furry tail touching just one of the food is! Enabling canines to figure out the main reason why your dog has been doing it and it could due... On her side, about to sleep touching one another for warmth tummy rub 's playing... Touches her foot n't need addressing if dogs could do their own pedicures results in bleeding ) very! His nails are to long and causing him why does my dog flinch when i touch his paw to the beings in their lives too... Some sort of facial irritation that 's where the name vibrissae comes from ; the Latin vibrio. Their lips when playing or excited feel when you pet them involving Clickbank Dunbar... Touched on his flanks and back word vibrio which means to vibrate and trust they! And he wants attention it ’ s pawing behavior can be ticklish too you! See pawing as a threatening action his toe Owner earns from qualifying purchases heels playing rugby in the.. Pleasure, it would help to pet it calmly so that it is natural for them to.! Erratic and potentially very dangerous animal the Latin word vibrio which means to vibrate more.. Snatch the paw away her with anything can see how this works by touching one...
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