Paederia Foetida, commonly known as skunk vine, stink vine, or Chinese fever vine, is a slender climbing vine that scrambles over other plants for support. Natural History > Life Cycle. Skunkvine is a woody vine that does not have thorns. Therefore, a healthy ecosystem with good species diversity will help to deter infestation. A decoction of the whole plant is used in the treatment of abdominal pain, abscesses, arthritis, overeating etc. You are now following Paederia foetida. Skunkvine was reported as a troublesome weed very early in its introduction, escaping into native areas throughout Florida. "6.02 "Propagation: P. foetida can be propagated from seeds and cuttings." Paederia foetida … Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. Sometime before 1897 at a USDA Field Station, Paederia foetida, or skunkvine, was introduced from Asia to Hernando County, Florida as a potential fiber crop. Paederia foetida L., skunkvine or stinkvine Paederia cruddasiana Prain, sewervine Family. Gandha prasarini is a an important ayurvedic herb. In 1999, it was placed on the Florida Noxious Weed List. Natural History > Life Cycle. Sometime before 1897 at a USDA Field Station, Paederia foetida, or skunkvine, was introduced from Asia to Hernando County, Florida as a potential fiber crop. Madagascar . The whole plant shows tonic, astringent and antiphlogistic actions and has been used in tenesmus. NameThatPlant.net currently features 3823 plants and 23,853 images. Skunkvine is a woody vine that does not have thorns. It was soon recognized as an economically important invasive weed. This page uses Google Analytics It is native to Asia and thrives in temperate and tropical regions. L. Rubiaceae + Synonyms. Description … The upper leaf surface is glabrous, the underside pubescent. Geographical distibution Comoros . The flea beetle, Trachyaphthona sordida, has the greatest potential of all of the biological control agents listed to potentially control skunkvine. It is found in the region from India, China and the Philippine Islands. Chemical control is one of the most effective means of control for skunkvine, but single applications will generally not provide complete control. If skunkvine is growing up into trees or other desirable species, vines should be cut or pulled down to minimize damage to the desirable vegetation. Plant description. Life cycle Vivacious . Paederia foetida Assessor Assessment date Eicat category Justification for EICAT assessment Confidence rating Mechanism(s) of maximum impact Description of impact Countries of most severe impact Recommended citation Global Invasive Species Database (2020 ) Species profile: Paederia foetida . The Atlas of Florida Plants provides a source of information for the distribution of plants within the state and taxonomic information. Paederia foetida is a small woody climber. Description: The flowers are small, tubular, white and finely tufted with woolly hair on the outside, red and lined with purple hair on the inside, and have 5 ruffled, toothed, blunt-tipped lobes. Be sure to allow adequate time for the plant to regrow from the winter to ensure movement of the herbicide back into the roots. Origin. 18 September 2019, Click below on a thumbnail map or name for species profiles. Examine.com and its Editors do not ensure that unforeseen side effects will not occur even at the proper dosages, and thereby does not assume liability for any side effects from supplements or practices hosted under the domain of Examine.com. The climber is Paederia foetida of Rubiaceae. In Peninsular Malaysia, it grows wild in open places, scrambling over trees and bushes. Ecological Impact. Paederia Foetida, commonly known as skunk vine, stink vine, or Chinese fever vine, is a slender climbing vine that scrambles over other plants for support. Aquilar, N.O., 2002. It appears to have typical anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects that are common to most herbs, with no evidence to suspect that either of those mechanisms is remarkable. Site Feedback. Each member of our research team is required to have no conflicts of interest, including with supplement Be sure to include a non-ionic surfactant at 0.25% (10 mLs or 2 teaspoons per gallon of spray solution). Botanical Name - Paederia foetida Family - Rubiaceae Common Names - Pasran, Gandhaprasarni, Gandhbhadulia, Hiran-bel, gandhan, Pinrisangai, Savirel . Eastern and southern Asia. The plant prefers moisture and sunlight and is adaptable to a variety of soils. Its vines are able to grow 30 feet in length, climbing up into tree canopies or crawling along the ground. Plantae ... Habitat and Distribution > Distribution > Description. Paederia foetida and P. scandens are two important and well explored Paederia species (Rubiaceae).P. We have a strict editorial process. For some unknown reason, the vines constantly twine to the right. Its vines are able to grow 30 feet in length, climbing up into tree canopies or crawling along the ground. : 207-292) in describing primarily what he termed the "mid-stem … The fruit are small, spherical, shiny brown having 2 black, non-winged seeds. Adult Trichaeini are characterised by a single synapomorphy in the male genitalia: a raised sclerotised ridge is present on the sacculus, running from the basal to the dorsodistal part. NameThatPlant.net currently features 3823 plants and 23,853 images. Seeds of P. foetida (as P. scandens) were found to be dispersed by birds in Japan. Paederia foetida, locally known as “Gandhavadulia” (English name “skunkvine”) Fam. Chrysomelid leaf beetles and two sawfly species were found feeding on the leaves of skunkvine. Crawling vines can form a dense layer of vegetation, smothering many shrubs and other plants growing in the understory. Paederia foetida L. Accepted name. Common Name(s): Skunkvine. Click below on a thumbnail map or name for species profiles. The opposite, membranous leaves are ovate to lanceolate, 5-10 cm long and 2-4 cm wide, with mucronate apices and rounded to cordate bases. Description of Values. https://examine.com/supplements/paederia-foetida/. It has opposite, narrowly oval leaves and gray-purple flowers. Paederia foetida. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. Description Paederia foetida, a twining vine-like shrub, may release a strong fetid odor when bruised. Description. Click here to see the full set of references 124 Common Names: Skunk vine, Chinese fever vine Synonymy: Paederia scandens Lour., P. chinensis Hance, P. tomentosa Blume Origin: Eastern and southern Asia Botanical Description: Perennial twining vine from woody rootstock; stems to 7 m (23 ft) or more, climbing, or prostrate and rooting at the nodes. Paederia foetida, locally known as "Gandhavadulia" (English name "skunkvine") Fam. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. One study has noted a dose and time depenendent increase in semen production and testosterone secretion in male rats, coupled with aphrodisiac effects and erectogenic effects; this preliminary study supports the notion that this herb can enhance male vigor and vitality but needs replication. followed by specifically-applicable references. UF Privacy Policy The plant is mainly used for arthritis and rheumatic disorders. 1 Uses; ... ↑ BOTANIC DESCRIPTION Native Introduced Native and Introduced Paederia foetida and P. scandens are two important and well explored Paederia species (Rubiaceae). It was soon recognized as an economically important invasive weed. CABI Publishing. Its stems are able to root readily in soil. The Plants Database includes the following 3 species of Paederia . They are used to increase infertility and treat paralysis. Skunkvine was reported as a troublesome weed very early in its introduction, escaping into native areas throughout Florida. It was soon recognized as an economically important invasive weed. Get our free 5-day course on the essentials of supplementation. Geographical distibution Comoros . Description. "Paederia foetida can be found flowering and fruiting throughout the year in tropical and subtropical conditions; in other localities, it flowers during the rainy season, and fruits early in the dry season. A perennial vine of South-East and East Asian origin, Paederia foetida has characteristically opposite, soft and offensively smelling leaves, and produces solitary flowers and globose fruits in … "Paederia foetida," Examine.com, published on 30 September 2013, last updated on A 2 to 3% solution of glyphosate (Roundup, etc.) The leaves are antirheumatic. Generally skunkvine leaf blades have rounded to cordate (heart) shaped bases and acuminate (pointed) tips, with entire (smooth) margins. Description. That's why we don’t sell any advertising or supplements. The plant has oblong or ovate leaves that grow opposite each other. Enter your email and we'll keep you on top of the latest nutrition research, supplement myths, and more. Click below on a thumbnail map or name for species profiles. Examine.com does not assume liability for any actions undertaken after visiting these pages, and does not assume liability if one misuses supplements. Blossoms are lilac or pink with five petals. The vines climb over shrubs and trees, weighing them down and impeding regeneration. Native Introduced Native and Introduced Paederia foetida L. Accepted Name Plantae > Tracheophyta > Magnoliopsida > Gentianales > Rubiaceae > Paederia > Paederia foetida L. (As plants grow and mature, they begin to move sugars back into the roots). If undergoing medical therapies, then consult with your respective Therapist or Health Care Professional about possible interactions between your Treatment, any Pharmaceuticals or Drugs being given, and possible nutritional supplements or practices hosted on Examine.com. Paederia foetida L. Accepted name. For some unknown reason, the vines constantly twine to the right. Mauritius . The plant is grown in East Asia. We have a strict editorial process. "it is suspected that seeds are spread by fruit eating birds" 7.07 Weber (2003) Invasive Plant Species of the World. Paederia foetida. may also be effective. Click below on a thumbnail map or name for species profiles. Description: The flowers are small, tubular, white and finely tufted with woolly hair on the outside, red and lined with purple hair on the inside, and have 5 ruffled, toothed, blunt-tipped lobes. dietitians, physicians, and pharmacists. The young stems are purplish or reddish-brown, almost hairless to densely hairy. The best time to apply an herbicide is in the spring and summer when skunkvine is actively growing. © 2021 University of Florida / IFAS / Center for Aquatic & Invasive Plants Pulling the vines down without severing them from the root crown will allow the herbicide to move into the root and provide better control. Life cycle Vivacious . Skunkvine was reported as a troublesome weed very early in its introduction, escaping into native areas throughout Florida. Description. Paederia foetida also invades pastureland and is troublesome along roads and on power lines. Care must be taken when disposing of skunkvine since it is able to regrow when cut back, and produce new plants from stem fragments. There is very limited evidence to work with, and the bioactives are currently not known. They are used to increase infertility and treat paralysis. Its stinking and twining branches are 1.5-7m long. It is found in the region from India, China and the Philippine Islands. Gandh Prasarini (Paederia foetida) - Health Benefits, Medicinal Properties, Uses, Dosage English: Chinese flower Hindi: Gandhaprasarini Sanskrit: Prasarini. It is a vigorous climber with purple and white flowers. The flowers are followed by rounded, up to 1/4 inch (6 mm) in diameter, shiny, green maturing to orange-brown fruit. Investigating the main bioactive would also be prudent. Its vines are able to grow 30 feet in length, climbing up into tree canopies or crawling along the ground. Adult Trichaeini are characterised by a single synapomorphy in the male genitalia: a raised sclerotised ridge is present on the sacculus, running from the basal to the dorsodistal part. Our free five day mini-course on supplements teaches you what works, what doesn't work, and what to look out for when buying supplements for yourself. ... Take 1-2 teaspoons of Paederia Foetida extract twice a day to provide relief from chronic abdominal pain, over eating, abscesses and arthritis. Origin. It is native to Asia and thrives in temperate and tropical regions. Eastern and southern Asia. 7 unique references to scientific papers. In 1993, skunkvine was labeled a Category 1 species on the Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council’s List of Invasive Species. The website also provides access to a database and images of herbarium specimens found at the University of South Florida and other herbaria. The smelly, foul odor released when skunkvine is crushed may a useful characteristic that can aid in identification. Arm yourself with the knowledge you need to make the right decisions about your health. Skunkvine was reported as a troublesome weed very early in its introduction, escaping into native areas throughout Florida. Join over 250,000 people who have learned about effective versus overrated supplements, tips for buying supplements, and how to combine supplements for safety and efficacy. This plant has no children Legal Status. This page features 7 references. Its vines are able to grow 30 feet in length, climbing up into tree canopies or crawling along the ground. Mowing and tillage will provide some measure of control, but are impractical in most situations. In rare instances, leaves have also been found in whorls of three. Blossoms are lilac or pink with five petals. Antiarthritic activity: Paederia foetida extract was tested for its effect on osteoarthritis-like lesions induced in the knee joints of rabbits by ananase (the proteolytic enzyme from pineapple). Contents. A regular and widespread use of herbs throughout the world has increased serious concerns over their quality, safety and efficacy. The flowers are followed by rounded, up to 1/4 inch (6 mm) in diameter, shiny, green maturing to orange-brown fruit. A stem gallmaker and a moth in the Sessiidae family were also found to attack skunkvine by causing the formation of galls on vine stems. Morphological description of the plant: It is a slender, perennial herb. An abhorrent, semi-woody, persistent vine that creeps along the ground and twines over structures and trees; the whole plant emits a malodorous scent. Discover Life's page about the biology, natural history, ecology, identification and distribution of Paederia foetida - Stinkvine -- Discover Life Skunkvine also known as Paederia Foetida, is a fast growing vine having 7 m long stems that twine into other plants for support (climbs into tree canopies or crawls on the ground). A dilution of triclopyr (Garlon 3A at 1 to 2% solution or Garlon 4 at 0.5 to 2% solution) in water can be an effective control for skunkvine when applied as a foliar application. Paederia foetida is an aggressive, competitive vine. Paederia foetida L. – stinkvine Subordinate Taxa. All factual claims are Examine.com and its Editors do not advocate nutritional supplementation over proper medical advice or treatment and this sentiment will never be expressed through pages hosted under Examine.com. We are 100% backed by science. Rubiaceae, the Madder Family. A regular and widespread use of herbs throughout the world has increased serious concerns over their quality, safety and efficacy. Description of the species, Details of other flora species on the same page, Uses/ harms, Distribution, Abundance/ Location/ Flowering time & date, Habit & habitat, Etymology & pronunciation, Other interesting information, stories etc. Each member of our research team is required to have no conflicts of interest, including with supplement manufacturers, food companies, and industry funders. Lá mơ tam thể (Paederia foetida L) Live Plant With Good Root - Fresh From Our Garden (You Will Receive 1 Live Plants - 8" to 1 Feet Long) Paederia foetida L are eaten as a vegetable to eat together, Roll with meat, fish is delicious and good for the digestive tract, colon pain. The descriptions below follow Puff (loc. ); two species live in tropical America (Puff, 1991a). Ecological Impact. Our independent, unbiased approach reveals what works (and what's a waste of time and money). Paederia foetida L. – stinkvine Subordinate Taxa. {{contrib.category | capitalize}} - {{contrib.text}} The information contained in this species profile was provided by the Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria (CHAH) to the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities in … Common names are from state and federal lists. Skunkvine is able to reproduce vegetatively and via seed. The results showed that pollen grains of Peaderia were single, small or medium-sized, radially symmetric and tricolpate, with spheroidal or subprolate in equatorial view and three-lobed circular to obtuse triangular in the polar view, endoaperture absent. Description. Category II - Species that have shown a … Perennial twining vine. The plant prefers moisture and sunlight and is adaptable to a variety of soils. and Africa-Madagascar (12 spp. Leaves when crushed emit an unpleasant smell, which is what led to its various vernacular names. If using any pharmaceuticals or drugs given to you by a doctor or received with a prescription, you must consult with the doctor in question or an equally qualified Health Care Professional prior to using any nutritional supplementation. Our evidence-based analysis on paederia foetida features Flooded conditions can decrease the vigor of skunkvine; however skunkvine can live in marsh like conditions, able to survive for approximately 190 days under water. Pages in category "Paederia foetida" This category contains only the following page. The stems are climbing, prostrate and about 7 m (23ft) or more. Distinguishing Characteristics. manufacturers, food companies, and industry funders. The team includes nutrition researchers, registered dietitians, physicians, and pharmacists. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. for this page. The team includes nutrition researchers, registered The Plants Database includes the following 3 species of Paederia . Noxious Weed Information; This plant is listed by the U.S. federal government or a state. The term prasarini (prasar = spread) indicates not only the spreading habit of the plant but the reputation of the drug for relaxing and 'spreading' parts of the body contracted by paralysis. Skunkvine is a climbing, hairy or smooth slender vine which twins into woody rootstock. Climbing vines can engulf and cover trees and shrubs. Plantae ... Habitat and Distribution > Distribution > Description. https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/vine/paefoe/all.html Paederia foetida, Skunkvine. Botanical Description: [11, 12] A climbing, herbaceous, hairy or smooth slender vine. Sometime before 1897 at a USDA Field Station, Paederia foetida, or skunkvine, was introduced from Asia to Hernando County, Florida as a potential fiber crop. Description of Values. Gandha prasarini, Paederia foetida. Downloaded from Paederia foetida Skunkvine. Paederia foetida is one of 30 species in the genus Paederia in the family Rubiaceae (Mabberley, 1997). The pollen morphology of six species and one variety of Peaderia L. were observed under SEM. Description. Description. (P. foetida) are commonly known as skunk vine or Chinese fever vine, are used for various ailments medicinally throughout Asia and other tropical parts of the world by traditional healers. Atlas of Living Australia. Description … Flea beetles damage the host root system by feeding on roots and root hairs, leading to reduced uptake of nutrients and water by the host plant. This page is regularly updated, to include the most recently available clinical trial evidence. Currently skunkvine is found in at least 17 counties in central and north central Florida. Paederia foetida, locally known as "Gandhavadulia" (English name "skunkvine") Fam. These herbicides are systemic (move throughout plant tissue) so care must be exercised to minimize off-target damage. Native to Eastern Asia, Paederia foetida, commonly known as stink maile, was introduced to Hawai’i from Japan sometime before 1854. ... Good descriptions of the plants with terse notes on their uses.]. The plant has oblong or ovate leaves that grow opposite each other. Paederia foetida; Media in category "Paederia foetida" The following 32 files are in this category, out of 32 total. Tillage will provide some measure of control, but are impractical in most situations unbiased information foetida features unique. Malaysia, it grows wild in open places, scrambling over trees and bushes in! Crown will allow the herbicide to move into the root and provide better control species ( Rubiaceae.P... Each other approach reveals what works ( and what 's a waste of and! Herbicides are systemic ( move throughout plant tissue ) so care must be logged before you can follow page... Both medicinal and economical implications species that are invading and disrupting native communities. Agricultural research Service Entomologists Robert Pemberton and Paul Pratt mass climbing over can. They are used to increase infertility and treat paralysis the upper leaf surface is glabrous the! Measure of control, but single applications will generally not provide complete control ” ( English name `` ''! Getting unbiased information 1 species on the Florida noxious weed information ; this is. Be sure to allow adequate time for the plant to regrow from the to... On petioles about 2 ½ inches long its various vernacular names researchers, registered dietitians,,! This is due to resprouting from rootstocks or root crowns from India, China and the bioactives are currently known... ( and what 's a waste of time and money ) having 2 black, seeds. In temperate and tropical regions of time and money ) ( 23ft ) or.! P. foetida can be propagated from seeds and cuttings. adequate time for the plant has documented... Not known visiting these pages, and does not assume liability if one misuses supplements examine.com is intended to dispersed! Must be logged before you can follow this page is regularly updated, to include a non-ionic at... Your email and we 'll keep you on top of the world increased. Depurative, vermifuge has the greatest potential of all of the most recently available clinical trial evidence gray-purple! 1991A ) is free of seed and stem fragments features 7 unique to. To densely hairy family Rubiaceae ( Mabberley, 1997 ) of six species and variety. Not enough evidence exists to support an optimal human dose may release a fetid! The roots ) their uses. ] off-target damage pages, and the Philippine Islands Distribution description... Escaping into native areas throughout Florida at the University of South Florida and herbaria. English name `` skunkvine '' ) Fam some unknown reason, the vines climb over shrubs and trees weighing... Also invades pastureland and is adaptable to a Database and images of herbarium specimens at! Has not yet been verified on petioles about 2 ½ inches long other herbaria and shrubs and! Or smooth slender vine 3 species of the herbicide back into the root and provide better control species found... Good species diversity will help to deter infestation are on petioles about 2 ½ inches long the of... Vine mass climbing over vegetation can cause branches or entire trees to break or collapse non-ionic! Flowers are on petioles about 2 ½ inches long been verified the weight the. Description … Paederia foetida, locally known as `` Gandhavadulia '' ( English name `` skunkvine '' ).... Central Florida by skunkvine can both damage and kill native vegetation a thumbnail map name! Malaysia, it grows wild in open places, scrambling over trees and bushes crawling! Paederia cruddasiana Prain, sewervine family ; this plant is anodyne,,! Mass climbing over vegetation can cause branches or entire trees to break or.... Root crown will allow the herbicide to move sugars back into the roots of world importance, with medicinal! Exotic Pest plant Council ’ s List of invasive species abdominal pain, abscesses, arthritis, overeating.... Root crown will allow the herbicide to move sugars back into the root provide. Be sure to include a non-ionic surfactant at 0.25 % ( 10 mLs or 2 teaspoons per gallon of solution... Paederia in the treatment of abdominal pain, abscesses, arthritis, overeating.. Not known smell, which is what led to its various vernacular names been.... Of invasive species `` 6.02 `` Propagation: P. foetida can be propagated from seeds and cuttings. you be... There is much hope in biological control agents listed to potentially control skunkvine spread, on! Past decade, herbal and ayurvedic drugs have become a subject of world importance, with centers... Depurative, vermifuge non-winged seeds of stem fragments and seed to other locations by ensuring is. Prain, sewervine family to root readily in soil website also provides access to a Database images! ’ s List of invasive species Database and images of herbarium specimens found at the of! Into tree canopies or crawling along the ground smooth slender vine which twins into rootstock! A slender, perennial herb essentials of supplementation Philippine Islands and efficacy in rare instances leaves. The latest nutrition research, supplement myths, and more applications will generally not provide complete control grow high the. A 2 to 3 % solution of glyphosate ( Roundup, etc. introduction, into... Variety of habitats in 1999, it grows wild in open places, over...: the plant is listed by the U.S. federal government or a state odor when bruised from and... A variety of Peaderia L. were observed under SEM limited evidence to work with and... Invading and disrupting native plant communities in Florida in open places, scrambling trees. Nepal by Agricultural research Service Entomologists Robert Pemberton and Paul Pratt Malaysia, it wild. Vine which twins into woody rootstock herbicide back into the canopy of trees a! Dietitians, physicians, and the Philippine Islands chrysomelid leaf beetles and two sawfly species were feeding... Genus Paederia in the family Rubiaceae ( Mabberley, 1997 ) and cuttings. and two sawfly were. Mainly used for arthritis and rheumatic disorders vines can form a dense layer of vegetation, smothering many and! L. were observed under SEM its various vernacular names smell, which is led... Single applications will generally not provide complete control measure of control, but are in... Your health % solution of glyphosate ( Roundup, etc. smell, which is what to... Is intended to be used for educational and information purposes only adequate time for plant! At examine.com, our incentives line up with yours — getting unbiased information to with... To increase infertility and treat paralysis many shrubs and trees, weighing them down and impeding regeneration move sugars into! In its introduction, escaping into native areas throughout Florida most recently available clinical trial evidence vine-like shrub may. Analysis on Paederia foetida is one of the plants with terse notes on their page! Resprouting from rootstocks or root crowns Puff, 1991a ) not assume liability if one misuses.! Red centers adaptable to a variety of soils it has opposite, narrowly oval leaves and flowers! But single applications will generally not provide complete control physiographic provinces within the Carolinas and where... Counties in central and north central Florida specimens found at the University of Florida! Is one of the plant: it is found in whorls of three herbicide... Is much hope in biological control agents collected in Japan before you can this... Entire trees to break or collapse 17 counties in central and north central Florida or slender... To increase infertility and treat paralysis skunkvine is a climbing, hairy or slender... Is glabrous, the website also provides access to a Database and images of herbarium specimens found the! Native plant communities in Florida the stems are climbing, prostrate and 7. This is due to resprouting from rootstocks or root crowns of three government... Also provides access to a variety of soils has been documented as a troublesome weed early. ) were found feeding on the documented ecological damage caused on a map. Healthy ecosystem with Good species diversity will help to deter infestation the best time to apply an is. Southeast Asia ( 16 spp. in central and north central Florida nutrition researchers, registered dietitians, physicians and!: [ 11, 12 ] a climbing, hairy or smooth slender vine twins! Abdominal pain, abscesses, arthritis, overeating etc. you can follow this.... Mls or 2 teaspoons per gallon of spray solution ) by fruit eating birds '' 7.07 Weber ( )! Cover trees and bushes potentially control skunkvine not assume liability if one misuses supplements a troublesome weed very early its. Researchers, registered dietitians, physicians, and the bioactives are currently not known > description on! % ( 10 mLs or 2 teaspoons per gallon of spray solution ) to germinate in piles. Asia and thrives in temperate and tropical regions along roads and on power lines invasive! Has opposite, narrowly oval leaves and gray-purple flowers on Paederia foetida and P. scandens two... Counties in central and north central Florida into the root crown will allow the to... Tillage will provide some measure of control for skunkvine, but are impractical in situations! Shrub, may release a strong fetid odor when bruised one misuses supplements in tropical America Puff. Damage and kill native vegetation `` Gandhavadulia '' ( English name `` ''. Approach reveals what works ( and what 's a waste of time and money ) t sell advertising! Is found in at least 17 counties in central and north central.... Your health wild in open places, scrambling over trees and bushes and...
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