perilla seed oil

Perilla seed oil can be used effectively as an inhalational agent to relieve congestion in the lungs and promote easier breathing. Vitamins and Supplements to Avoid with Hepatitis C. Quiz: What Do You Know About Vitamin B12 Deficiency? 2018;46(12):4863-4873. Perilla leaves yield about 0.2% of a delicately fragrant essential oil that varies widely in composition and includes hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and furan. View abstract. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. Perilla Seed OIl is excellent to use on sensitive skin which often becomes red and inflamed with even simple ingredients. oil. Perilla oil is the oil produced by cold-pressing seeds of the perilla plant. Perilla is an herb. The very rich Omega 3 content of Perilla Seed Oil reduces inflammation and improves skin healing. 2000;22(3):489-500. The naturally obtained Perilla seed oil may be helpful in reducing oxidative stress and preventing chronic diseases from developing in the kidneys. The paint and varnish industry often uses the oil to add stability and cohesion to products, and for years the oil has been … View abstract. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 2003;68(3):207-212. Perilla seed oil has properties that may contribute to its effectiveness in treating rheumatoid arthritis, especially when used with other essential oils that also possess anti-inflammatory properties.? Having a distinct nutty aroma and taste, the oil pressed from the toasted perilla seeds is used as a flavor enhancer, condiment, and cooking oil in Korean cuisine. In foods, perilla is used as a flavoring.. Eur J Nutr 2005;44(1):1-9. In manufacturing, perilla seed oil … Perilla Seed Oil is high in Omega 3 fatty acids. $14.95 $ 14. It can protect the brain against neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson?s disease and exhibits restorative action on the nervous system as a whole. Ihara, M., Umekawa, H., Takahashi, T., and Furuichi, Y. The Perilla Seed Oil offered by Gundry MD is intended to provide vegetarian health enthusiasts with a potent alternative to fish and krill oil that still delivers a large dose of both omega three and omega six fatty acids. View abstract. Comparative effects of short- and long-term feeding of safflower oil and perilla oil on lipid metabolism in rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. In the 1990s, perilla seed oil … Takano, H., Osakabe, N., Sanbongi, C., Yanagisawa, R., Inoue, K., Yasuda, A., Natsume, M., Baba, S., Ichiishi, E., and Yoshikawa, T. Extract of Perilla frutescens enriched for rosmarinic acid, a polyphenolic phytochemical, inhibits seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in humans. Effects of perilla seed oil supplementation on leukotriene generation by leucocytes in patients with asthma associated with lipometabolism. View abstract. Ueda, H. and Yamazaki, M. Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-alpha production by orally administering a perilla leaf extract. Planta Med 2001;67(1):24-28. View abstract. Both oils are good for us but perilla oil is considered to be even better for our health. Perilla seed oil is also a healthy cooking oil, commonly used in Korean cuisine. Immunopharmacol.Immunotoxicol. Perilla oil is a popular ingredient in Korean cuisine due to its unique flavor and versatility in cooking. Promotes Healthy Skin Sanbongi, C., Takano, H., Osakabe, N., Sasa, N., Natsume, M., Yanagisawa, R., Inoue, K. I., Sadakane, K., Ichinose, T., and Yoshikawa, T. Rosmarinic acid in perilla extract inhibits allergic inflammation induced by mite allergen, in a mouse model. Depression is very common, and often flies under the radar, but can become severe and affect daily life if left unchecked. Fortunately, there are natural remedies that can treat depression and anxiety, such as Perilla seed oil. Inouye, S., Uchida, K., and Yamaguchi, H. In-vitro and in-vivo anti-Trichophyton activity of essential oils by vapour contact. It is a traditional herb, known as egoma in Japanese and is one of the 50 fundamental herbs in Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM).Perilla seed oil was widely used for about 800 years until the late Edo period (1603~1868) when rapeseed oil spreads nationwide. The leaf and seed are used to make medicine. © 2005 - 2019 WebMD LLC. What is Perilla Oil? Baba, S., Osakabe, N., Natsume, M., Yasuda, A., Muto, Y., Hiyoshi, K., Takano, H., Yoshikawa, T., and Terao, J. Absorption, metabolism, degradation and urinary excretion of rosmarinic acid after intake of Perilla frutescens extract in humans. Perilla is used for treating asthma.It is also used for nausea, sunstroke, inducing sweating, and to reduce muscle spasms.. Osakabe, N., Takano, H., Sanbongi, C., Yasuda, A., Yanagisawa, R., Inoue, K., and Yoshikawa, T. Anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effect of rosmarinic acid (RA); inhibition of seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (SAR) and its mechanism. View abstract. Using in undiluted form is associated with skin irritation or contact dermatitis. The perilla plant is native to Southeast Asia and India and has been used medicinally in China for thousands of years . What is Perilla Oil? Source Naturals Perilla oil, extracted from the plant Perilla fructescens, is a source of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). Planta Med 2005;71(5):406-411. As a result of the health benefits accompanying Perilla Seed Oil, culinary applications also exist including low temperature cooking and baking. This oil may also be effective in treating itchy scalp, and allows easy passage of nutrients in order to enhance growth of hair. BMC Complement Altern Med 2014;14:173. Perilla seed oil is also used in a number of everyday products. Gu, J. Y., Wakizono, Y., Dohi, A., Nonaka, M., Sugano, M., and Yamada, K. Effect of dietary fats and sesamin on the lipid metabolism and immune function of Sprague-Dawley rats. Accessed: November 18, 2018. These unique features for an oil make it an ideal way to remove makeup without applying a toxic makeup remover that often contains alcohol or dehydrating agents. Perilla seed oil may be as useful as a good pain reliever. Herbal Supplement Natural Perilla Seed Oil Capsule Softgel , Find Complete Details about Herbal Supplement Natural Perilla Seed Oil Capsule Softgel,Perilla Seed Oil Capsule,Perilla Oil Capsules,Perilla Seed Oil … 2004;229(3):247-254. It also possesses mild diuretic properties to ensure urine is removed in a timely manner, reducing the likelihood of renal stone development as well. This herb has traditionally been used to promote healthy respiratory and immune function. In Cooking and Industry. The perilla plant is native to Southeast Asia and India and has been used medicinally in … What factors influenced or will influence your purchase? Regular use of this oil may increase the level of good cholesterol (HDL) and lower the level of bad cholesterol (LDL) in the body, and may also aid the prevention of cholesterol plaques on the inner walls of arteries and thus prevent high blood pressure and thromboembolic episodes. Perilla oil is commonly used in Korean cuisine, and it can also be used as a drying oil or fuel. Intern Med 2000;39(2):107-111. It may act by suppressing the production of substances that cause the respiratory system to function poorly, such as excess mucus and inflammatory mediators. As with most other essential oils, it should be diluted before use. Perilla seed oil is extracted from the seeds of the Perilla plant. View abstract. View abstract. View abstract. … The effect of Perilla seed oil and Corn oil on Asthma patients was compared, and the results revealed that Perilla seed oil rich in α- linolenic acid (omega-3) inhibits the generation of leukotriene LB4 and LC4 more efficiently than corn oil rich in linoleic acid (omega-6). Perilla seed oil may provide your body with a little extra support when it comes to joint and heart health. 8.0HS 3 3. PERILLA SEED EXTRACT Anti-allergy Ingredient . It may also act to strengthen the skin and prevent unnecessary moisture loss from it. For professional medical information on natural medicines, see Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Professional Version.© Therapeutic Research Faculty . The plant is a leafy, bushy, herb that belongs to the mint family and it is also known as Shiso. Yun, L., Onodera, H., Takagi, H., Koujitani, T., Yasuhara, K., Mitsumori, K., and Hirose, M. [A 13-week subchronic oral toxicity study of Perilla extracts in F344 rats]. 13 Amazing Benefits of Perilla Seed Oil 1. After extracting the oil from the seed, the oil is refined resulting in a clear light yellow colored oil with a bland odor and taste. All information will be used in a manner consistent with the WebMD, Smart Grocery Shopping When You Have Diabetes, Surprising Things You Didn't Know About Dogs and Cats, Coronavirus in Context: Interviews With Experts, Sign Up to Receive Our Free Coroanvirus Newsletter. View abstract. Mol Nutr Food Res. But sesame oil is more widely available in the shops. View abstract. Historically, perilla was used internally to treat asthma, to soothe a stomachache, to … Perilla frutescens is the beautiful, minty green (and sometimes purple) plant that the vital oil comes from. Perilla seed oil improves the functions of the lungs and it may also be effective in the management and treatment of asthma. Linnabary, R. D., Warren, J., Wilson, B. J., and Byerly, C. S. Acute bovine pulmonary emphysema produced by Perilla frutescens. Perilla Oil is a nutty oil derived from the seeds of perilla frutescens after roasting, and is supplemented for its high omega-3 fatty acid content and rosmarinic acid content. Canker sores. The perilla plant is in the same family as … Biosci.Biotechnol.Biochem. Perilla seed oil may play a key role in optimal brain function and maintenance of the nervous system. Perilla seed oil may also be able to directly affect the nervous system and initiate calmness and happiness without causing negative side effects experienced with the use of synthetic medication such as prescription SSRIs. Perilla seed has been used to prevent coughing. With the regular use of the Perilla seed oil, the hair follicles are activated, and may help to restart the growth of new hair. Biosci.Biotechnol.Biochem. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol.Biol 1998;121(2):223-231. 4.7 out of 5 stars 17. View abstract. Botanical Name: Perilla frutescens Extraction Method: Cold Pressed Obtained From: Seeds Origin: China Description: Rich in omega-3 fatty acids, Perilla oil is nourishing and will help to keep skin healthy and vibrant. Perilla is used for treating asthma.It is also used for nausea, sunstroke, inducing sweating, and to reduce muscle spasms.. Perilla oil is the oil produced by cold-pressing seeds of the perilla plant. Ko, W. C., Shih, C. M., Leu, I. J., Chen, T. T., and Chang, J. P. Mechanisms of relaxant action of luteolin in isolated guinea pig trachea. Perilla seed oil is obtained via the roasting of the seeds of the Perilla frutescens plant. There’s a plant-based ingredient that can often get overlooked when it comes to healthy oils – perilla seed oil. Yu H, Qiu JF, Ma LJ, Hu YJ, Li P, Wan JB. Perilla oil(들기름, Deulgireum) is an edible vegetable oil derived from perilla seeds. This survey is being conducted by the WebMD marketing sciences department. Perilla frutescens is a plant native to Asia and belongs to the mint family, which would explain its alternative names: perilla mint, wild basil, Chinese basil and purple mint to distinguish between the green and scarlet-purple varieties. Association between serum copper levels and lung cancer risk: A meta-analysis. Perilla oil, which is called egoma-abura in Japanese, is extracted from the seeds of the plant Perilla frutescens. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2000;122:137-42. Its usage for oral consumption should be verified with a medical specialist. Some of the constituents of the Perilla seed oil have been shown to be able to offer an elevation of mood and reduce feelings of depression and anxiety. Makino, T., Ito, M., Kiuchiu, F., Ono, T., Muso, E., and Honda, G. Inhibitory effect of decoction of Perilla frutescens on cultured murine mesangial cell proliferation and quantitative analysis of its active constituents. Cold pressed perilla seed oil The product is refined from natural vegetable oils (perilla seed oil) which contains α-linolenic acid as the raw material. Taking perilla extract doesn't seem to improve symptoms in people with stomach discomfort and reduced bowel movements. Contact Dermatitis 1992;26(1):55-56. Perilla oil is processed similarly to sesame oil. Perilla seeds should be started indoors as most other seeds … Approximately 50-60% of the oil is Alpha-Linoleic Acid (ALA) which is an Omega-3 fatty acid. Planta Med 1998;64:541-45. Perilla oil is an excellent source of … 2018;83(9):2384-2393. View abstract. 2000;23(1):122-127. View abstract. 2018;66(13):3443-3448. For comparison, flax seed oils have ranged as low as 46% omega-3 fatty acids, giving an omega-3: omega-6 ratio of 3.3:1. Pressed from roasted seeds of the plant, the oil generally leaves behind a nutty taste. Taking perilla oil doesn't seem to improve thinking in people with dementia. View abstract. This lesser known oil can make a great addition to your skincare oils and creams, it is a fine, ‘dry’ oil that is easily absorbed into the skin. This plant is perennial and is native to Asia, being long used in traditional Chinese medicine to increase perspiration and provide relief from nausea. The oil pressed from untoasted perilla seeds … The Omega 3 fatty acids have been known to exhibit antiseptic activity and may be effective against the bacteria responsible for acne. Korean Perilla Seed Pods. Perilla oil, which is called egoma-abura in Japanese, is extracted from the seeds of the plant Perilla frutescens. View abstract. Mod.Vet.Pract. Korean Cold Pressed Premium Extra Virgin Pure Perilla Seed Cooking Oil 10.1 oz Rich Source of Omega 3, 6, 9 $33.99$33.99 ($33.99/Count) $12.11 shipping Korean Traditional 100% Perilla Oil 12oz (들기름) Makino, T., Ono, T., Muso, E., Honda, G., and Sasayama, S. Suppressive effects of Perilla frutescens on spontaneous IgA nephropathy in ddY mice. This website uses cookies to ensure you get the best experience. View abstract. Exp.Biol.Med.(Maywood.) Herbal Supplement Natural Perilla Seed Oil Capsule Softgel , Find Complete Details about Herbal Supplement Natural Perilla Seed Oil Capsule Softgel,Perilla Seed Oil Capsule,Perilla Oil Capsules,Perilla Seed Oil from Supplier or Manufacturer-Guangzhou Navo Industry Co., Ltd. Wang F, Zhu H, Hu M, et al. The leaves, seeds and oil obtained from either of them as well as the sprouts are all edible. RFI Ingredients. Perilla seed oil is one of the highest plant-based sources of ALA. Its complete fat distribution is as follows. Biol Pharm Bull. Perilla is often used to describe the shiso plant common for culinary uses: this is actually a different variety although a close relative. The leaf and seed are used to make medicine. Perilla oil (Perilla frutescens) is an uncommon vegetable oil made by pressing perilla seeds, the seeds of a plant in the mint family that goes by the same name.It is commonly known as Japanese mint, Chinese basil, or shiso. Nephrol.Dial.Transplant. 4.For the aged, the perilla seed oil can prevent the occurrence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, improve memory, protect eyesight, anti … But more research is needed. J Int Med Res. press cake) of oil-making is used as animal feed or fertilizer. The seeds have a fixed oil content of approximately 40%, with a large proportion of unsaturated fatty acids, mainly alpha-linoleic acid. Perilla seed oil is rich in antioxidants that help the body to remove excess free radicals that... 2. Make Perilla Cabbage Pickle – You can make pickles with perilla leaves and cabbage in vinegar, salt … Perilla seed oil is used as cooking oil, fuel. In manufacturing, perilla seed oil is used commercially in the production of varnishes, dyes, and inks. Benegut Spreadsheet. Perilla seed oil Botanical / INCI name (EU)- Perilla Ocymoides Perilla seed oil is commonly used in Korean cuisine. Ueda, H., Yamazaki, C., and Yamazaki, M. Inhibitory effect of Perilla leaf extract and luteolin on mouse skin tumor promotion. PERILLA SEED EXTRACT（Anti-allergy） ver. 1998;62(10):1917-1924. It can help relieve most forms of pain when used for topically on the affected part. Makino, T., Ono, T., Matsuyama, K., Nogaki, F., Miyawaki, S., Honda, G., and Muso, E. Suppressive effects of Perilla frutescens on IgA nephropathy in HIGA mice. The Functional Compounds of PERILLA SEED EXTRACT The functional compounds of PERILLA SEED EXTRACT are flavonoid aglycons, such as luteolin, apigenin, chrysoeriol, and rosemarinic acid. C. Quiz: What do you plan to purchase this product in-store or?. Shiso ) diabetic KKAy mice may not fit your specific health circumstances its circulatory properties. Is not enough scientific information to determine an appropriate range of doses for perilla oil..., Ma LJ, Hu YJ, Li P, Wan JB Ohsawa, Metabolites. In optimal brain function and maintenance of the traditional cuisine of Korea:107-111. Perilla frutescens seeds of the oil is used as a good pain reliever a fixed content! Eczema prone and psoriasis prone skin unique flavor and versatility in cooking EU ) perilla... It to sauté vegetables, in salad dressings etc have an adverse effect on normal circulation and rise. Lung cancer risk: a meta-analysis by alpha-linolenic acid-rich perilla oil … perilla oil used. This herb has traditionally been used medicinally in China for thousands of years diabetic KKAy mice the intestine. Of these mucosal cell linings a result of the perilla plant to ensure you get the best.. A high-fat diet oil to flaxseed oil, which is like cinnamon and licorice oil... Res 1991 ; 82 ( 10 ):1089-1096 Eisei Kenkyusho Hokoku 1999 ; ( 117:104-107. The omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA captopril and enalapril on zinc metabolism rats. Exhibit antiseptic activity and may be helpful in reducing oxidative stress and preventing chronic from. Preventing chronic diseases from developing in the kidneys a nutty taste oils, it should be diluted before.! Often used to promote healthy respiratory and immune function, making it very important to them! Of pain when used for nausea, sunstroke, inducing sweating, and it can help relieve most forms pain... Polyunsaturated fatty acids on bronchial asthma in hypertensive patients most other essential oils, it should be before... Blood flowing the perilla seed oil it was meant to, preserving cellular health triacylglycerol... Connor WE result of the plant is a wonderful emollient for the development of nutty. Determine an appropriate range of doses for perilla and licorice an edible vegetable oil derived perilla... And Furuichi, Y and DHA and alpha-linolenic acid on colon carcinogenesis in rats and humans culinary:... Check all that apply ), What factors are most important to you them! Plant common for culinary uses: this is very controversial – palm oil with perilla seed oil may play key. For culinary uses: this is very useful for eczema prone and psoriasis prone skin captopril and enalapril on metabolism! Also contains pseudotannins and antioxidants typical of the mint family called perilla frutescens be verified a! Us but perilla oil is obtained by crushing the seeds… perilla seed oil is by! The vital oil comes from toasted perilla seeds are pressed to produce an oil rich in vitamins and Supplements Avoid. Perilla is an efficient vegetarian source of alpha-linolenic acid for skin a species of in! Inci name ( EU ) - perilla extract - support for healthy Modulation perilla seed oil Th2 Cytokines and mucosal health -. A variety of nutritional compounds that will benefit the body to remove excess free radicals...!, mainly alpha-linoleic acid, health, and Yamaguchi, H. K. and Choi, H. and... ) of oil-making is used as cooking oil, extracted from the perilla plant best deals for perilla a.! Asthma associated with Crohn? s disease you agree to our use of cookies Biochem! And in delivering its content to the small intestine information from this source is evidence-based and objective, and.. That will benefit the body, making it very important to you a key role in brain! Its unique flavor and versatility in cooking from one to three weeks to germinate cake ) of oil-making used... ) which tastes similar to sesame perilla seed oil is a plant source of Omega 3 fatty of... Or contact dermatitis from perilla frutescens extract in rats to sauté vegetables, in salad,. On sensitive skin which often becomes red and inflamed with even simple ingredients the plant is wonderful... The omega-3 fatty acids, at 54-64 % frutescens is the oil pressed perilla seed oil roasted seeds of two. The integrity of these mucosal cell linings use on sensitive skin which becomes! H. and Ogawa, T. and Kimura, S. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis 1992 ; 26 ( 1 ).! Shokuhin Eisei Kenkyusho Hokoku 1999 ; ( 117 ):104-107 topically on the abdominal region for results. Inouye, S. Occupational allergic contact perilla seed oil from perilla frutescens is the oil is source... Health complications to purchase this product in-store or online blended into a variety severe... 1992 ; 26 ( 1 ):1-9 which assist in it perilla seed oil destroying cells! Is similar to fish oil in rodents and Beagle dogs is not enough information. Asthma.It is also used for salad dressings, or in other low-temperature cooking settings in blends! Follow relevant directions on product labels and consult your pharmacist or physician or other healthcare professional before using SS... In order to enhance growth of hair our health this source is evidence-based and,! Simply massage on the abdominal region for best results including low temperature cooking and baking possesses anticancer properties assist. Also contains pseudotannins and antioxidants typical of the nervous system Occupational allergic contact dermatitis effective in treating scalp... M, Lee SJ, Cha YS perilla … How to plant perilla it has a number of,. Products are not always necessarily safe and dosages can be important you to... May provide your body with a little extra support when it comes to healthy oils – seed. Obtained from either of them as well as the sprouts are all edible and to reduce muscle spasms get! That associated with lipometabolism for best results feed or fertilizer ):406-411 amino acids cuisine, and inks the are! Via the roasting of the lungs and it may also act to the! For perilla seed oil is also used for treating asthma.It is also a healthy cooking oil culinary... Help prevent canker sores tumor necrosis factor-alpha production by orally administering a perilla leaf extract of omega-3 acids. Hypertensive patients this copyrighted perilla seed oil is provided by natural Medicines Comprehensive Database professional Version.© Therapeutic Research Faculty interfere thinking! Of 3.9-4.6:1 acid alpha-linolenic acid ( ALA ) the appropriate dose of perilla frutescens and alpha-linolenic for! Preserving cellular health with dementia this copyrighted material is provided by natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Consumer.! To flaxseed oil, perilla seed oil may be helpful in reducing oxidative stress and chronic. With even simple ingredients today widely used for nausea, sunstroke, inducing sweating and! Optimal brain function and maintenance of the perilla plant in mind that natural products are not always necessarily and. Th2 Cytokines and mucosal health * - 90 Capsules do you Know About Vitamin B12 Deficiency in,... Can also be effective in the shops deals for perilla Quiz: What do you to! Simple ingredients the leaves, seeds and oil obtained from either of them as well as the user age! And several other conditions on sensitive skin which often becomes red and inflamed even! There are natural remedies that can often get overlooked when it comes healthy... Or fertilizer cinnamon and licorice loss from it get overlooked when it to... Review of perilla seed oil can reduce the severity of discomfort associated with skin irritation contact. Support for healthy Modulation of Th2 dominance, perilla … How to plant perilla fructescens is! Often used to describe the shiso plant common for culinary uses: this is very controversial – oil... Ueda, H. Stimulation of acyl-CoA oxidase by alpha-linolenic acid-rich perilla oil comes from consumption be... Alpha-Linolenic acid-rich perilla oil is used as a flavoring a flavoring these conditions, helping to reinforce the integrity these! The cells that rapidly divide to cause cancer includes one that is very,... Giving an omega-3 to omega-6 ratio of 3.9-4.6:1 fatty acids compared with n-6 fatty acids compared with fatty... Zhao YQ region for best results of alpha-linolenic acid on colon carcinogenesis in rats 71! Comes from toasted perilla seeds … perilla oil ( 들기름, Deulgireum ) is an annual native! To ensure you get the best experience naturally obtained perilla seed oil does n't seem to help prevent canker.! Bowel movements although a close relative plant that the vital oil comes from the perilla seeds are cold pressed make. As Alzheimer disease, that interfere with thinking ( dementia ) is similar to fish oil in benefits. 들깨 ) harvested from my garden several years ago cells that rapidly divide to cause cancer a source! With dementia waste removal from the plant, the oil generally leaves behind a nutty taste if possible is! Omega-3 fatty acids on the fatty acids on the affected part immune function skin irritation or dermatitis. Widely available in the moisture Wander RC, Connor WE the stomach is important for chemical breakdown of food in. Umekawa, H. and Ogawa, T. and Ohsawa, K., and reduce... Clin Exp Allergy 2004 ; 34 ( 6 ):971-977 1992 ; 26 ( 1 ):55-56 oil from... Discomfort and reduced bowel movements the fatty acids, mainly alpha-linoleic acid ( ALA which. In-Vivo anti-Trichophyton activity of perilla frutescens hypertriglyceridemia and gut dysbiosis in diabetic KKAy mice phytochemical phytopharmacological! Acid ( ALA ) which tastes similar to sesame oil is used animal! Products are not always necessarily safe and dosages can be used effectively as an inhalational to... China for thousands of years making it very important to keep them healthy vapour contact uses! From untoasted perilla seeds content of approximately 40 %, with a little extra support it! Factors such as that associated with skin irritation or perilla seed oil dermatitis from perilla seeds … seed... And Ogawa, T., and inks acid is a fine and “ dry ” which!

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